Comparative fecal steroid profile during pregnancy, parturition, and lactation between natural fertilization and embryo transfer in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis).

Despite the invaluable role that assisted reproduction technologies (ARTs) play in conservation, pregnancy and parturition rates by embryo transfer (ET) are low for most endangered felids. Thus, efforts to expand the knowledge on pregnancy biology and ET are still required. In this context, we examined fecal sex steroid metabolites (i.e., estrogens, glucocorticoids, and progestogens) of eight ocelots submitted to natural fertilization (NF) and ET in 22 pregnancies (19 NF and 3 ET). Fecal samples were collected and assessed for each pregnancy from estrous cycle, pregnancy, and lactation, totaling 155 days. In short, progestogen levels remained high and unchanged (P < 0.05) from conception until parturition for females maintained under NF. On the other hand, females submitted to ET exhibited changes (P > 0.05) in progestogen levels from conception until parturition, with a significant decrease during pregnancy (480.72 ng/day; r2 = 0.81; P < 0.0001). Significant changes between NF and ET also were noted in estrogen levels between the first and last thirds of pregnancy (P < 0.05), in which estrogen levels exhibited a negative correlation (P < 0.01) between themselves. Regarding glucocorticoids, significant changes (P < 0.01) were observed only in the first third of pregnancy between NF and ET, which we believe may be related to the handling for ovarian synchronization and ET. Besides hormonal changes, the pregnancy was more prolonged (2.5 days) and more prone to dystocia in ET than NF. Overall, 24 embryos were transferred into eight females (3/1), with three kittens being born from three distinct deliveries (i.e., 12.5% of embryos and 37.5% of females). Our findings have supported the great potential of production and transfer of long-term frozen embryos in ocelot conservation. However, they reveal possible effects of these biotechnologies on hormonal levels during pregnancy linked with low conception and parturition rates and dystocic cases in felids.

Assembleia de mamíferos não voadores da reserva biológica serra do Japi, Jundiaí, São Paulo, sudeste do Brasil / Non-volant mammal assemblage of serra do Japi biological reserve, Jundiaí, São Paulo, southeastern Brazil

A Reserva Biológica da Serra do Japi (REBIO) pode ser considerada área prioritária de preservação, pois representa uma das últimas grandes áreas de floresta contínua do estado de São Paulo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi inventariar a comunidade de mamíferos desta reserva, empregando-se diferentes metodologias não-invasivas de amostragem. As amostragens foram realizadas durante os períodos de julho/agosto de 2009 e janeiro/fevereiro de 2010 utilizando as metodologias de armadilha fotográfica, parcelas de areia, procura por rastros, coleta de fezes para microscopia de pêlos e procura por vestígios de mamíferos. A REBIO apresentou uma riqueza de 34 espécies de mamíferos não-voadores, sendo duas espécies domésticas, distribuídas em oito ordens e 21 famílias. O maior número de espécies foi identificado pela metodologia de parcelas de areia (n = 18) seguida de visualização (n = 17), identificação de rastros (n = 14), armadilhas fotográficas (n = 9) e coleta de fezes (n = 10). Apesar de ser uma Unidade de Conservação de Proteção Integral, a REBIO sofre com intensa visitação de turistas e "trilheiros", principalmente nos finais de semana, já que existe permissão de visitas monitoradas pelo órgão gestor. No presente estudo, espécies que podem indicar perturbação da biodiversidade, como Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris e Didelphis aurita, não apresentaram alta frequência de captura, demonstrando que apesar da invasão de espécies exóticas, domésticas e da pressão antrópica, a área apresenta relevante grau de preservação.

Serra do Japi Biological Reserve can be considered as a priority area for conservation, since it represents one of the last areas of continuous forests in the state of São Paulo. The objective of the present study was to inventory the mammal fauna of this reserve, through different non-invasive sampling methods. Sampling was carried out in July/August 2009 and January/February 2010, using camera traps, sand plots, search for tracks, collection of feces for hair microscopy, and search for traces. Serra do Japi Biological Reserve exhibited a richness of 34 non-volant mammal species; distributed into eight orders and 21 families, among them two species of domestic mammals. The greatest number of species was identified by the methodology of sand plots (n = 18) followed by visualization (n = 17), identification of tracks (n = 14), camera traps (n = 9) and feces collection (n = 10). Despite being a fully protected reserve, Serra do Japi Biological Reserve is intensively visited by tourists and hikers, mainly on weekends, since monitored visits are allowed by the management. In the present study, species that could indicate disturbance, such as Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris and Didelphis aurita, did not show high frequency of capture, showing that despite the invasion by exotic and domestic species, as well as the anthropic pressure, the area is still in a good conservation status.

Surveillance using serological and molecular methods for the detection of infectious agents in captive Brazilian neotropic and exotic felids.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the exposure of captive wild felids to various infectious pathogens using serological and molecular methods. One hundred and fifty-nine neotropic felids and 51 exotic felids from 28 captive settings in Brazil were tested. While antibodies against Feline parvovirus and Feline coronavirus (FCoV), Feline calicivirus and Bartonella spp. were frequently detected by serologic tests, antibodies against Felid herpesvirus 1 or infection with hemotropic mycoplasmas were less prevalent. Serologic evidence of exposure to Ehrlichia spp., Feline immunodeficiency virus, and Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) was detected rarely, and infections with FeLV, Ehrlichia spp., and Cytauxzoon spp. were found infrequently. The detected Bartonella sequence was molecularly similar to B. koehlerae and B. henselae; for Cytauxzoon, the sequence resembled those from domestic cats. No Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Theileria spp. infections were detected. The positive test results varied significantly among different facilities and species. Additionally, FCoV seropositivity was more prevalent in captivity than in free-ranging populations. Results suggest that testing is appropriate prior to relocation of felids.

Gastric Helicobacter spp. infection in captive neotropical Brazilian feline

Ten captive neotropical Brazilian feline were submitted to gastroscopic examination and samples of gastric mucosa from fundus, corpus and pyloric antrum were evaluated for the presence of Helicobacter species. Warthin-Starry (WS) staining and PCR assay with species-specific primers and enzymatic cleavage were applied for bacterial detection and identification. Histological lesions were evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin staining. All animals showed normal gross aspect of gastric mucosa. Helicobacter heilmannii was confirmed in 100 percent of the samples by WS and PCR assay. Mild lymphocytic infiltrate in the lamina propria was observed in eight animals, mainly in the fundus region. Small lymphoid follicles were seen in three animals. No significant association between Helicobacter infection and histological findings was verified. These observations suggest that gastric Helicobacter spp. could be a commensal or a eventual pathogen to captive neotropical feline, and that procedures, way life, and stress level on the shelter apparently had no negative repercussion over the integrity of the stomach.

Molecular and serological detection of Babesia spp. in neotropical and exotic carnivores in Brazilian zoos.

Large and small piroplasms have been observed in the blood smears of various wild carnivores, but few studies utilizing molecular characterization have been done. The goal of this present study was to investigate the presence of Babesia sp. by molecular and serologic techniques in exotic and neotropical carnivores maintained in captivity at Brazilian zoos. Blood and sera samples were collected from 146 Brazilian wild felids, 21 exotic felids, 1 genet (Genetta tigrina), 3 European wolves (Canis lupus), and 94 Brazilian wild canids in Brazilian zoos in the São Paulo and Mato Grosso states and in the Federal District. A total of 53 wild felids (31.74%) and 10 wild canids (10.31%) were seropositive for Babesia canis by Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT). Antibodies were detected in ocelots, little-spotted cats, margays, pampas cats, jaguars, pumas, jaguarundis, crab-eating foxes, and bush dogs. Babesia sp. DNA, with high similarity to B. leo, was detected in one pampas cat and one genet.

Hemoplasmas in wild canids and felids in Brazil.

Hemotropic mycoplasmas, epicellular erythrocytic bacterial parasites lacking a cell wall, are the causative agents of infectious anemia in numerous mammalian species. The presence of hemotropic mycoplasmas in blood samples of neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids from Brazilian zoos were recorded using molecular techniques. Blood samples were collected from 146 Brazilian wild felids, 19 exotic felids, 3 European wolves (Canis lupus), and from 97 Brazilian wild canids from zoos in the Brazilian states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso and the Federal District. Using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), this work found 22 (13%) wild felids positive to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum [4 jaguars (Panthera onca); 3 pumas (Puma concolor); 10 ocelots (Leopardus pardalis); 2 jaguarondis (Puma yagouaroundi); and 3 little spotted cats (Leopardus tigrinus)]. Only one little spotted cat (Leopardus tigrinus) was positive to Mycoplasma haemofelis, and none was positive to Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis. Two bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) were positive for a Mycoplasma sp. closely related to Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum, and two European wolves were positive for a Mycoplasma sp. closely related to Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum. This is the first study regarding the molecular detection of hemotropic mycoplasmas in wild canids.

Microestrutura de pêlos-guarda de felídeos Brasileiros: considerações para a identificação de espécies / Guard-hair microstructure of Brazilian felids: considerations for species identification

O exame da microestrutura da cutícula e medula dos pêlos é uma técnica simples e de baixo custo para identificar espécies de mamíferos para uma variedade de aplicações. Foram estudados pêlos-guarda de 66 indivíduos de oito espécies de felídeos brasileiros (Leopardus colocolo, L.geoffroyi, L.pardalis, L.tigrinus, L.wiedii, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi), através de amostras colhidas de animais anestesiados em zoológicos. A microestrutura dos pêlos-guarda foi analisada e descrita através de impressões cuticulares e preparações medulares, e posteriormente foi feito um teste cego para avaliar a acurácia da identificação específica. Embora tenham sido encontrados caracteres morfológicos distintos para cada espécie, a sutileza destes caracteres e sua sobreposição entre as diferentes espécies resultaram em uma acurácia relativamente baixa (75 por cento). A identificação de pares ou trios de espécies cujos pêlos têm morfologia mais semelhante (Grupo A: L. pardalis, L. tigrinus, L. wiedii; Grupo B: L. colocolo, L. geoffroyi, P. yagouaroundi; Grupo C: P. concolor, P. onca) elevou a acurácia significativamente (91 por cento). A identificação dos felídeos brasileiros através da microestrutura de seus pêlos é desafiadora e requer um exame cuidadoso de caracteres sutis, devendo ser apoiada por outras técnicas mais acuradas e/ou ser limitada principalmente às aplicações que não requerem identificação específica ou que trabalhem em escalas taxonômicas mais amplas.

The analysis of cuticle and medulla hair microstructure is a simple and inexpensive technique to identify mammal species for a variety of applications. We studied the guard-hairs of 66 individuals of eight felid species occurring in Brazil (Leopardus colocolo, L.geoffroyi, L.pardalis, L.tigrinus, L.wiedii, Panthera onca, Puma concolor, Puma yagouaroundi), through hair samples collected from anesthetized zoo animals. The microstructure of the guard-hairs was analyzed and described through cuticle impressions and medulla preparations; a blind test was conducted to evaluate the accuracy of species identification. Although distinctive morphological characters could be identified for each species, the subtlety of these characters and the overlap of features among species resulted in a relatively poor accuracy (75 percent). The identification of pairs or trios of species whose hair has similar morphologies (Group A: L. pardalis, L. tigrinus, L. wiedii; Group B: L. colocolo, L. geoffroyi, P. yagouaroundi; Group C: P. concolor, P. onca) significantly improved accuracy (91 percent). The identification of Brazilian felids through the microstructure of their hair is challenging and requires careful examination of subtle features, and should be complemented by more accurate techniques and/or be limited mostly to applications where high accuracy is not essential or where a broader taxonomic scale is being evaluated.

Análise citogenética de oócitos de jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) e gato-do-mato-pequeno (Leopardus tigrinus) coletados após estimulação ovariana / Cytogenetic analyses of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and tigrinus (Leopardus tigrinus) oocytes collected after ovarian stimulation

Este estudo representa a primeira avaliação da maturação nuclear de oócitos por análise citogenética realizada em duas espécies de felídeos brasileiros ameaçados de extinção: L. pardalis (n=5) e L. tigrinus (n=4).Os animais foram submetidos à estimulação ovariana alternada come CG-hCG e pFSH-pLH a cada quatro meses pelo período de dois anos, perfazendo um total de 6 intervenções. Os oócitos foram recuperados por vídeo-laparoscopia, caracterizados quanto à morfologia e utilizados para determinação dos estágios do ciclo meiótico por análise citogenética e maturação pela caracterização de metáfase II. Dos 33 oócitos de jaguatirica avaliados 12% (n=4) apresentaram cromossomos condensados em seu interior e dos 11 oócitos de gato-do-mato-pequeno avaliados 36% (n=4)apresentaram cromossomos condensados em seu interior, no entanto,nenhum oócito encontrava-se em metáfase II. Avaliação morfológica dos oócitos mostrou as mesmas características encontradas em outros mamíferos. Comparando os tratamentos, não houve diferença significativa(p>0,05) no número total de estruturas ovarianas (folículos e corpos lúteos recentes) observadas em estimulações alternadas sucessivas, nas duas espécies estudadas. Também não houve diferença significativa em relação ao total de estruturas ovarianas encontradas em cada tratamento(5,7±1,2 eCG/hCG; 7,9±0,9 pFSH/pLH) para L. pardalis e (2,6±0,7eCG/hCG; 2,0±0,5 pFSH/pLH) para L. tigrinus. Apesar das limitações deste experimento e do número reduzido de oócitos avaliados podemos sugerir que a aspiração folicular após estimulação ovariana com eCG/hCG e pFSH/pLH alternadamente resulta na recuperação de oócitos imaturos, que necessitam de cultivo em meios específicos para atingir o estágio de Metáfase II.

This study represents the first assessment of oocyte’s nuclear maturation by cytogenetical analysis in two endangered Brazilian felids:L. pardalis (n=5) and L. tigrinus (n=4). Females were treated 6 times with alternating eCG/hCG and pFSH/pLH protocols using an interval of 4 months between each treatment. Ovarian follicular development and oocytes recovery were performed through laparoscopy. Recovered oocytes were submitted to the morphological and cytogenetical analysis in order to evaluate the meiotic cycle and maturation (metaphase II), respectively. In 33 ocelot’s oocytes observed 12% (n=4) showed condensed chromosomes and in 11 tigrinu’s oocytes observed 36% (n=4) showed condensed chromosomes. However no oocytes in metaphase II were observed.O ocytes morphological evaluation showed the same characteristics were observed in others mammals. Our results suggest that L. pardalis and L. tigrinus do not show a decrease (p>0.05) in ovarian response after repeated and alternate exposure to different gonadotropin treatments. In both L. pardalis and L. tigrinus, no differences (p>0.05)were found regarding to the number of total ovarian structures (total follicles and CL) during successive gonadotropin treatments. There were no differences (p>0.05) regarding to the total number of ovarian structures in L. pardalis (5.7 ± 1.2 eCG/hCG and 7.9 ± 0.9 pFSH/pLH) or L. tigrinus (2.6 ± 0.7 eCG/hCG and 2.0 ± 0.5 pFSH/pLH).With these results we can suggest that follicular aspiration after ovarian stimulation with exogenous gonadotrophins results in immature oocytes, needing in vitro culture in specific mediums for metaphase II stage was observed.

Validação de conjuntos diagnósticos comerciais para dosagem sérica de progesterona e estradiol em jaguatirica (Leopardus pardalis) e gato-do-matopequeno (Leopardus tigrinus / Progesterone and estradiol commercial kits validation in serum of ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) and tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus)

Este estudo teve como objetivo validar os conjuntos diagnósticos m comerciais DPC (Coat-A-Count - Diagnostic Products Corporation/USA), em fase sólida, para dosagem de progesterona e DSL (Diagnostic System Laboratories INC/USA), em fase líquida, para dosagem de estradiol, por radioimunoensaio, em soro de Leopardus pardalis (n=5)e Leopardus tigrinus (n=4), antes (15-30 dias) e após (24-28 horas) tratamento com gonadotropinas exógenas (hCG/ Novormon® eeCG/ Vetecor®; pFSH/Folltropin-V® e pLH/Lutropin-V®). A concentração sérica para Leopardus pardalis variou 0,005 a 0,151ng/ml para estradiol e 0,15-37,22ng/ml para progesterona. A concentração sérica para Leopardus tigrinus variou 0,012-0,147ng/ml para estradiol e 0,06-34,09ng/ml para progesterona. A sensibilidade mínima detectada foi 0,004 ng/ml para progesterona e 0,00014ng/ml para estradiol. Para progesterona o coeficiente intra-ensaio baixo foi 2,58% e alto6,36%, já o coeficiente inter-ensaio baixo foi 0,67% e alto 5,55%. Para o estradiol o coeficiente intra-ensaio baixo foi 0,69% e alto 4,15%,sendo o coeficiente inter-ensaio baixo 1,40% e alto 3,00%. Paralelismo foi encontrado para progesterona e conjunto comercial DPC com r = 0,96 para Leopardus pardalis e r = 0,99 para Leopardus tigrinus. Para estradiol em conjunto comercial DSL paralelismo foi encontrado com r = 0,98 para Leopardus pardalis e com r = 0,99 para Leopardus tigrinus. Com estes resultados podemos concluir que o conjunto diagnóstico comercial DPC para dosagem de progesterona e DSL para dosagem de estradiol foram validados para utilização em soro de Leopardus pardalis e Leopardus tigrinus, podendo ser utilizado como ferramenta no manejo reprodutivo destas espécies visando à conservação.

DPC commercial kit (Coat-A-Count - Diagnostic Products Corporation/USA) and DSL commercial kit (Diagnostic System Laboratories INC/USA) were used for progesterone and estradiol radioimmunoassay validation in serum of two endangered Brazilian felids: Leopardus pardalis (n=5) and Leopardus tigrinus (n=4) before (15-30 days) and after (24-28 hours) exogenous gonadotrophins treatment(hCG/ Novormon® and eCG/ Vetecor®; pFSH/Folltropin-V® andpLH/Lutropin-V®). Variation of estradiol concentration was 0.005 -0.151 ng/ml and progesterone concentration was 0.15 - 37.22 ng/ml for Leopardus pardalis. Variation of estradiol concentration was 0.012 -0.147 ng/ml and progesterone concentration was 0.15 - 37.22 ng/ml for Leopardus tigrinus. Minimum sensibility detected for progesterone was 0.004 ng/ml and for estradiol was 0.00014 ng/ml. Progesterone intra-assay coefficient was 2.58% and 6.36% and inter-assay was 0.67% and 5.55%. Estradiol intra-assay coefficient was 0.69% and 4.15%,and inter-assay was 1.40% and 3.00%. Parallelism was used for kits validation. Progesterone and DPC commercial kit Parallelism wasr = 0.96 for Leopardus pardalis and r = 0.99 for Leopardus tigrinus. Estradiol and DSL commercial kit Parallelism was r = 0.98 for Leopardus pardalis and r = 0.99 for Leopardus tigrinus. In conclusion, these results showed that DPC commercial kit for serum progesterone dosages and DSL commercial kit for serum estradiol dosages can be used for Leopardus pardalis e Leopardus tigrinus. These findings are potentially valuable for the reproductive management and conservation of endangered felid populations.

Risk factors associated with sero-positivity to Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil.

From September 1995 to February 2001, blood samples were collected from 865 neotropical felids belonging to 8 different species. These animals were housed in 86 institutions located in 78 cities of 20 Brazilian states. Our goal was to identify the risk factors associated with sero-positivity to Toxoplasma gondii in captive neotropical felids from Brazil. All serum samples were tested by the modified agglutination test (MAT), using formalin-fixed whole tachyzoites and mercaptoethanol. For each animal an individual questionnaire was filled with questions about tattoo number, felid species, age, sex, origin, number of animals in the group, introduction of new animals in the group, time in the institution, eating meat previously frozen for a period <7 days in the last 6 months, eating meat of run-over or euthanized animals in the last 6 months, predation of rodents or birds in the last 6 months and presence of domestic cats near the enclosures in the last 6 months. The total sero-prevalence was 55% (95% CI: 52%, 57%). We estimated a prevalence of 46% (95% CI: 40%, 54%) for jaguarundi (Puma yagouaroundi); 58% (95% CI: 53%, 63%) for ocelot (Leopardus pardalis); 50% (95% CI: 45%, 56%) for oncilla (L. tigrinus); 54% (95% CI: 46%, 62%) for margay (L. wiedii); 12% (95% CI: 4%, 31%) for Pampas-cat (L. colocolo); 83% (95% CI: 65%, 93%) for Geoffroy's-cat (L. geoffroyi); 64% (95% CI: 50%, 68%) for jaguar (Panthera onca) and 48% (95% CI: 42%, 54%) for puma (Puma concolor). Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between the variables in the questionnaire and sero-positivity to T. gondii. We concluded that the independent risk factors for toxoplasmosis were: age >3 years (OR=4.75 [2.75; 8.2]), eating meat previously frozen for a period <7 days (OR=2.23 [1.24; 4.01]), and consumption of animals that were run-over or euthanized (OR=1.64; [1.14; 2.37]).

Comparação de método para análise de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticóides em jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) submetidas a tratamento hormonal e vídeo-laparoscopia / Comparison of methods fecal glucocorticoids metabolite analyses in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) submited to hormonal treatment and video-laparoscopy

Dois metódos de extração de metabólitos fecais 32,33 e dois conjuntos comerciais (“ImmuChem Doubly Antibody Corticosterone 125I RIA”-ICN Biomedicals e “Coat-a-count Cortisol 125I RIE” - DPC) foram utilizados na mensuração dos metabólitos de glicocorticóides (cortisole corticosterona) em amostras de fezes de jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis) (n=3), antes e após tratamento hormonal e procedimentos de vídeo-laparoscopia. O objetivo desse estudo foi comparar e validar fisiologicamente os diferentes protocolos de extração e diferentes conjuntos comerciais na mensuração hormonal. Não houve diferença significativa com relação ao método de extração dos metabólitos. O conjunto comercial ICN Biomedicals provou ser melhor na detecção de metabólitos fecais de glicocorticóides em jaguatiricas.

The objective of this study was to compare two different fecal metabolites extraction protocols 32,33 and two commercial kits used to analyse fecal glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone) in ocelots (Leopardus pardalis) submitted to hormonal treatment and video-laparoscopy procedure. Based on hormonal analyses, both extraction protocols exhibited similar performance. One commercial kit (ICN Biomedicals) had better results than another (DPC) on glucocorticoids metabolites evaluation.

Ovarian response to repeated administration of alternating exogenous gonadotropin regimens in the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and tigrinus (Leopardus tigrinus).

Exogenous gonadotropins are used to stimulate ovarian follicular growth and ovulation in mammalian species, including wild cats. However, successes in application of assisted reproduction techniques in nondomestic felids have been sparse. Our objectives were to assess the effectiveness of alternating gonadotropin regimens on ovarian responses. Five adult female ocelots and four adult female tigrinus were treated four to six times, using alternating eCG/hCG and pFSH/pLH at 4-month intervals. Laparoscopies were done to assess follicular development and to collect oocytes from matures follicles. The average number of follicles and corpus luteum (CL) per stimulation was higher in ocelots (7.0 +/- 0.8; mean +/- S.E.M.) than in tigrinus (2.5 +/- 0.4; P < 0.05), but the percentage of mature oocytes did not differ between the two species (mean range, 54-55%). Within species, both gonadotropin regimens were equally effective in inducing follicular growth and oocyte maturation. The total number of ovarian structures and oocyte maturation percentages did not decrease in either species with sequential stimulations. In summary, female ocelots and tigrinus continued to respond to repeated alternating ovarian stimulation protocols. In conclusion, the use of alternating gonadotropin regimens may permit more intensive reproductive management in these endangered cats.

Genetic variability of Herpailurus yagouaroundi, Puma concolor and Panthera onca (Mammalia, Felidae) studied using Felis catus microsatellites

We used four microsatellite loci (Fca08, Fca45, Fca77 and Fca96) from the domestic cat, Felis catus, to investigate genetic variability in specimens of Herpailurus yagouaroundi (jaguarundi, otter cat, eyra), Puma concolor (cougar, mountain lion, puma) and Panthera onca (jaguar) held in various Brazilian zoos. Samples of DNA from the cats were PCR amplified and then sequenced before being analyzed using the CERVUS program. Our results show a mean polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.83 for H. yagouaroundi, 0.66 for P. concolor and 0.69 for P. onca and a mean of 10.3 alleles for the Fca08 locus, 5.3 for Fca 45, 9 for Fca 77 and 14 for Fca 96. These results indicate a relatively high level of genetic diversity for the specimens studied.

Neutralizing antibodies against feline herpesvirus type 1 in captive wild felids of Brazil.

Feline herpesvirus type 1 infection affects domestic cats, causing mainly upper respiratory tract diseases. Although this infection has been described in captive and free-ranging wild felids from Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa, no information is available on its occurrence among wild felids of Brazil. In this study, 250 serum samples of six species of Brazilian captive wild felids (Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Puma concolor, Leopardus pardalis, and Panthera onca) were examined for neutralizing antibodies to feline herpesvirus type 1. Positive sera were found in 72% of L. tigrinus samples, 15% of L. wiedii, 6% of L. pardalis, 8% of H. yaguarondi, 18% of P. concolor, and 14% of P. onca. The relatively low percentages of seropositivity and low antibody titers found among the last five species suggest that feline herpesvirus type 1 does not circulate extensively among these animals. Nevertheless, quarantine, serologic screening, and vaccination of newly introduced felids is recommended in zoos in order to prevent virus transmission and outbreaks of the disease among wild felids kept in captivity.

Serosurvey for feline leukemia virus and lentiviruses in captive small neotropic felids in São Paulo state, Brazil.

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Gammaretrovirus, and feline immunodeficiency virus, a Lentivirus, are members of the family Retroviridae, and may establish persistent infections in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Cytoproliferative and cytosuppressive disorders may result from infection with these viruses. Morbidity and mortality rates are high in domestic cats worldwide. Infection of endangered neotropic small felids with these viruses could be devastating. To investigate the prevalence of FeLV and feline lentiviruses in neotropic small felids kept in captivity in São Paulo state. Brazil, serum samples from 104 animals belonging to the species Leopardus pardalis, Leopardus tigrinus, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, and Oncifelis geoffroyi were tested for FeLV and feline lentiviruses by commercially available immunoassays. All results were negative, suggesting that retrovirus infection is not an important clinical problem in these populations. Because domestic cats in São Paulo city are naturally infected with these pathogens, and feral cats are commonly found in zoologic facilities in Brazil, preventive measures should be taken to avoid transmission of retroviruses to naive populations of wild and captive neotropic felids in Brazil.